Study material

                                  NOUN ( संज्ञा )
Q. What is Noun ?
:-  Noun is a naming word.
   Or
     Whatever , things are present in the world is called noun.
    Or
     Noun is the name of a person,place,thing,animal,idea or feeling is called Noun.
Ex. Ram , Patna , pen , cow , happiness..etc.

Q. According to traditional grammar noun is divided into how many parts and on which basis ?
Ans:- According to traditional grammar noun is divided into five parts and on the basis of Caste .

                                  PCCMA
(i). Proper Noun.  ( व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा , खासवाचक                                            संज्ञा या विशेशवाचक संज्ञा )

(ii). Common Noun. ( जातिवाचक / सामान्यवाचक                                                              संज्ञा )
(iii). Collective Noun.  ( समूहवाचक संज्ञा )
(iv). Material Noun.     ( द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा )
(v). Abstract Noun.      ( भाववाचक संज्ञा )

Q. What is a Proper Noun ?
Ans:- A proper noun is the name of a particular person , place , thing or animal .
Or
     A particular name of anything is called proper noun.
 
 ( किसी खासव्यक्ति , स्थान , वस्तु या जानवर के नाम को व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा कहते हैं । )
 Ex. Ram , Bihar , table  or cow ... etc.
Notes:-(i) It is singular and gets singular                          verb.
      Ex.  India is a nice country.
             (ii) It is always written beginning                           with capital letter.
              (iii) A/An/The is not used before it                           generally.
Ex.  Bihar is a nice state.  ( right )
       The Bihar are a nice state. (Wrong )
       Bihar are a nice state. (Wrong )
       The Bihar is a nice state. (Wrong )
       bihar is a nice state. ( wrong )
     
           (iv) proper noun is always only one                          proper noun.
    Ex.  Sita ,  Mohan......etc.
           (v) If a proper noun is a compound                        noun all the name will be capital.
    Ex.  Jawahar Lal Nehru
            (vi) A proper noun gets a, an when ,                      we do not know more than the                        name of a person.
    Ex. Ram  नाम का एक व्यक्ति -  A Ram
          वह राम है । - he is a Ram.
          वह राम है । - he is Ram.
           (vii). A person name gets a , an when                       that person will be just little                             mother  person.
    Ex. वह अमीर खान के जैसा है ।
           He is an Amir Khan.

Q. What is a Common Noun ?
 :-   A common noun is the name of a person, place, thing or animal of the same kind.
 Or
      A common noun is the name of a caste or community of all is called Common noun.
  
      ( जातिवाचक संज्ञा से किसी एक ही प्रकार के सभी वस्तुओं , व्यक्तियों , स्थानों या जानवरों का बोध होता है । )
 या,
    ( जातिवाचक संज्ञा से किसी जाति अथवा समुदाय का बोधहोता है । )
Ex.    Boy, city, pen , dog ....etc.
Notes:- (i) It is singular and plural both.
    Ex.   A pen , two pen
              (ii) It can be counted.
              (iii) If it is singular must get article                        before itself.
Ex.   गाय खाती है । - The cow eats.
              (iv) Generally more than common                          noun do not get a, an , the.
              प्राय: जब common noun एक से ज्यादा हो                 तो उसके पहले a ,an , the नहीं लगता है ।
Ex.  गायें खाती हैं । - Cow eat.
              (v) अगर common noun वाक्य के शुरू में                         आ जाय तो उसके पहले प्राय: the लगता हैं                       एवं जब common noun शुरू में न अाए                       अर्थात् subject न बनकर आए तो                                   common noun के पहले प्राय: a ,an                         लगता हैं ।
         (vi) If it is certain it gets article a, an ,                    the with one or more than one.
           ( जब यह निश्चित हो तो अकेला के साथ भी प्रायः                    the लगेगा एवं एक से ज्यादा के साथ भी the                    लगेगा । प्रायः वाक्य के अंत में ता हैं, ते हु , ती हैं,                 होता है , होती हैं इत्यादी लगा हो तो अकेला में
            article लगता हैं अगर वाक्य के अंत में प्रायः ता हैं,             ते हैं ,  ती हैं  , होता हैं , होती हैं इत्यादी नहीं हो तो
            अकेला में भी article लगेगा । )
Ex.  गाय खाती हैं । - The cow eats.
       गायें खाती हैं । - Cows eat.
       बच्चा नटखट हैं । - The child is naughty.
       बच्चें नटखट हैं ।  - The children are naughty.
       बच्चा नटखट होता है । - The child is naughty.
       बच्चें नटखट होते हैं ।  - Children are naughty.

Q.  What is Collective Noun ?
:-   A collective noun is the name of a group or collection of person, things or animals is called collective noun.
Or
    A collection of anything is called collective noun.
 
( समूहवाचक संज्ञा से किसी व्यक्तियों वस्तुओं या जानवरों  के समूह का बोध होता है , समूहवाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है । )
Ex.   People, public , army , police , class team.....etc.

Q.  How many types of collective noun .
:-    There are three kinds of collective noun.

 (a) Generalising collective noun
  (b) Group collective noun
  (c) Distributive collective noun

Q. (a) what is Generalising Collective Noun ?
   :-  A collection that is made by different kinds of members is called Generalising collective noun .
     (सामान्य समूह वाचक संज्ञा विभिन्न प्रकार के सदस्यों से बना होता है सामान्य समूह वाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है । )
Ex.  Machinery , furniture , jewelry , crockery ......etc.
Notes:- (i) It is always singular and gets                            singular verb.
             (ii) s/es can not be used with it.
  Ex. The machinery are very old. ( wrong )
       The machineries  are very old. ( wrong )
        The machineries  is very old. ( wrong )
          The machinery is very old. ( right )

Q. (b) What is group collective noun ?
:-   A collection that is made by same kinds of members is called group collective noun.
  (  समूह   समूहवाचक संज्ञा एक ही प्रकार के सदस्यों से बना होता हैं समूह   समूहवाचक संज्ञा कहलाता हैं । )
Ex. Gentry,  peasantry , people ,  public..etc
Notes:-   (a) It is plural and gets plural verb.
              (b ) S/es can not be used with it .
Ex.  The gentry of this town is not active. (right)
      The gentry of this town are  not active.    ( wrong )
The gentries of this town are not active.        ( wrong )

Q.  What is Distributive Collective Noun ?
 :-  A collection that is either unanimous or different in opinion is called distributive collective noun.
         ( वितरण वाचक संज्ञा एक ऐसा संग्रह है जो या तो एकमत होगा या एकमत नहीं होगा वितरण वाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है । )
 Ex.  Jury , committee , parliament , club ..etc
     (i) कमिटि ने कोई उतर दायित्व नहीं ली हैं ।
       (a) The committee has not taken any                  response.  ( Wrong )
        (b) The committee have not taken any response. ( right )
   (ii) कमिटि ने कोई उतर दायित्व  ली हैं ।
       (a) The committee has taken any                            response. ( right )
       (b) The committee have taken any                  response. ( wrong )

Q.  What is Material Noun ?
:-  Material noun is the name of a thing which/that we can measured or weight but we can not count is called material noun. 
  
( द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा वैसी वस्तु को कहते है जिसे हमलोग माप या तौल सकते है परंतु गीन नहीं सकते है , द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है । )
Or
  A thing that is not count is called material noun.
         ( ऐसा वस्तु जिसकी गीनती नहीं की जा सकती है  material noun कहलाता है । )
Ex. Milk , water , rice , oil.  ...etc.
Notes:- (a) It is  singular and gets                                         singular verb.
              (b) Generally article doesn't come                         before it
Ex. (i) दूध उजला होता है ।
       (a)   The milk is white. ( Wrong )
       (b)  Milk are white.  ( Wrong )
       (c)  Milk is white. ( right )
              (C) when it is certain must get                                 article ( the ) before it.
            ( जब यह निश्चित हो तो इसके पहले article.                      (the) अवश्य अाएगा । )
Ex. (i) दूध उजला है ।
       (a) Milk is white. (wrong)
       (b) The milk are white. (wrong)
        (c) The milk is white. (right)
Q. What is Abstract Noun ?
:- An abstract noun is the name of a thing which we can not touch or see we can only feel is called abstract noun.
                                               ( भाववाचक संज्ञा वैसी वस्तु का नाम है जिसे हमलोग देख या छू नहीं सकते है हमलोग केवल महसूस कर सकते है भाववाचक संज्ञा कहलाता है । ) 
Ex.  Air , love , poverty , childhood , kindness. ..etc.
Notes:- (a) It is  singular and gets                                         singular verb.
              (b) Generally article doesn't come                         before it.
Ex. (i) ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी निति होती है ।
       (a) Honesty are the best policy. (wrong)
       (b) The honesty is the best policy.                        (wrong)
       (c) Honesty is the best policy. (right)
(C) When it is certain must get article before it.
  ( जब यह निश्चित हो तो इसके पहले the लगेगा । )
( जिस शब्द के अंत में ness लगा हो abstract noun होता है । )
 केशव की ईमानदारी अच्छी है ।
 ( The honesty of Keshav is good. )

Q. Father of English Essay
                                            :- francis Bacon
*Francis Bacon was not only one of the greatest writers, but also a great English statesman, philosopher and politician . The great classical poet Alexander Pope regarded him as “the wisest, the brightest and the meanest of mankind”.

Q. Father of English Drama 
                                     :-William Shakespeare
*why is shakespeare knownn as father of english drama.                                                                             Shakespeare is called the father of     English drama because the template provided by his plays became the one that seeped into all subsequent forms more than anything before it. Whereas he would have been imitating the form of the Roman dramatists (5 acts, the way he uses certain characters), his appropriation of these forms provided a vocabulary for later dramatistic Examples would be the use of the soliloquy, the distinction between status of characters (low/high class), and the use of revelations throughout the play. Again, he didn't necessarily INVENT these things but by appropriating them all into one place, provided a template that makes him the "father" of what English drama became shakespeare is called the father of English drama because the template provided by his plays became the one that seeped into all subsequent forms more than anything before it. Whereas he would have been imitating the form of the Roman dramatists (5 acts, the way he uses certain characters), his appropriation of these forms provided a vocabulary for later  dramatic Examples would be the use of the soliloquy, the distinction between status of characters (low/high class), and the use of revelations throughout the play. Again, he didn't necessarily INVENT these things but by appropriating them all into one place, provided a template that makes him the "father" of what English drama became.

Q. Father of English novel
                                             :- Deniel Defore
 * The birth of the English novel, however, can be centered on the work of three writers of the 18th century: Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) and Henry Fielding (1707-1754).

Q. Father of English Grammar
                                                :- Lindley Murray
*Lindley Murray is best known as “the father of English grammar.” But before he earned that title, he practiced law in New York. In fact, he acted in the 1760s as the legal mentor of John Jay, who would later become the first Chief Justice of the United States.

Q. Father of English language, poetry & short story 
                  :-  Geoffrey Chaucer Ali


* Geoffrey Chaucer. He was born in London sometime between 1340 and 1344. He was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier), and diplomat. He is also referred to as the father of English Literature.


*    Geoffrey Chaucer (/ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1343 – 25       October 1400), known as the Father of English literature,^[1] is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages. He was the first poet to be buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.